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Many fractals, in particular L-systems (Lindenmayer systems),
can be described by recursive forms. For example, the structure of
Koch fractal can be expressed by a recursive form K= A lattice is an algebraic structure (L,Ù,Ú) consisting from a set L and two algebraic operations Ù and Ú ("meet" and "join", or "and" and "or"), such that for any a,b,c Î L hold:
A Boolean algebra is a lattice (B,Ù,Ú) that satisfies four additional properties:
Instead of using classical Boolean algebra with only two discrete values 0 and 1, we can consider more general case where values belong to the continuous set [0,1]. Then we can construct a new model of polyvalent Boolean algebra that will be called the square-free polynomial model. We can define pÙq=pq, Øp=1-p. A square-free polynomial is any polynomial in which a degree of each variable is 1. By introducing the idempotent law p2=p for all variables, we can model a Boolean algebra working in the continuous interval [0,1], with square-free polynomials, standard polynomial multiplication, and idempotency. This model is very similar to a Boolean ring, but Øp is defined as Øp=1-p, and not as Øp=1+p. In this way the structure of standard truth tables is preserved and extended to the set [0,1]. A concept of square-free polynomials is implicitly given in the original works of G. Boole (2003). By using De Morgan laws, we obtain pÚq=p+q-pq. Then, we can check if our model is consistent with regard to the complete set of axioms. We simply conclude that holds aÙa=a2=a, aÚa=a+a-a2=a+a-a=a (idempotency), aÙb=ab=ba=bÙa, aÚb=a+b-ab=b+a-ba=bÚa (commutativity), (aÙb)Ùc=(ab)c=a(bc)=aÙ(bÙc), (aÚb)Úc=(a+b-ab)+c-(a+b-ab)c=a+b-ab+c-ac-bc+abc=a+b+c-bc-ab-ac+abc = a+(b+c-bc)-a(b+c-bc) = aÚ(bÚc) (associativity), aÚ(aÙb)=a+ab-a2b=a+ab-ab=a, aÙ(aÚb)=a(a+b-ab)=a2+ab-a2b=a+ab-ab=a (absorption), aÚ0=a+0-a0=a, aÙ1=a1=a (lower and upper bound), (aÙb)Ùc=(ab)c=a(bc)=(aÚc)Ù(bÚc) (distributivity), aÙØa=a(1-a)=a-a2=a-a=0, aÚØa=a+(1-a)-a(1-a)=a+1-a-a+a2=a+1-a-a+a=1 (complement). Hence, our model is compatible with Boolean logic.
In order to simplify, we can denote Øp by
In the form of cancellation appears an unmarked state
. These two rules can be replaced with
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